CHROMOSOMES WITH BIO-CHEMISTRY

(Bio Algebra of Chromosomes) 

(Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel) 

CHAPTER [2] AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDES 

 (2/24/2016) 

Peptides

Peptides of varying length are formed on partial hydrolysis of the very long polypeptide chain of proteins, In the addition there are other biologically occurring peptides that are not derived from proteins, such as tripeptide Gluathione in which one of the peptide bonds is unusual in that it involves an amino groups other than, that at the a-position Oxytocin and Vasopressin, hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, are large cyclic peptide 

Glutathione (y-glutamylcysteinylglycine) = C10H17N3O6S = 120 + 21.25 + 42 + 96 + 32 = 311.25 m/g 

Glutathione = C10H17N3O6S = 311.25 m/g  

Sheep Chromosomes = 54.25

Oxytocin =? 

Vasopressin =?

   For example = a2 / b2 = c2 

    Glutathione = a2 = 311.25 and b2 = 54.25 Chromosomes of Sheep 

              = a2 / b2 = c2 

              = 311.25 / 54.25 = c2 

  Peptide = 96876.5625 / 2943.0625 = c2 

  Peptide = 96876.5625 / 2943.0625 = (32.91) c2

          c1 = 33 = 2(NH2) = a-amino group of Sheep, = or Bovine Oxytocin 

          c1 = 33 = 2(NH2) = a-amino group of Sheep, = or Bovine Vasopressin 

Bovine Oxytocin 

Cys-------------| 

 | 

Tyr 

 | 

Ile------------S 

 | 

Gln-----------S 

 | 

Asn 

 | 

Cys-----------|  

 | 

Pro 

 | 

Leu 

 | 

Gly – NH2  

Bovine Vasopressin 

Cys-------------| 

 | 

Tyr 

 | 

Phe------------S 

 | 

Gln------------S 

 | 

Asn 

 | 

Cys-----------|  

 | 

Pro 

 | 

Arg 

 | 

Gly – NH2 

The peptide contain only one free a-amino group and one free a-carboxyl group at there end 

   For example = a2 / b2 = c2 

    Glutathione = a2 = 311.25 and b2 = 54.25 Chromosomes of Sheep  

              = a2 / b2 = c2 

              = 311.25 / 54.25 = c2 

  Peptide = 96876.5625 / 2943.0625 = c2 

  Peptide = 96876.5625 / 2943.0625 = (32.91) c2

          c1 = 33 + 12.25 C = 45.25 = COOH = free a-carboxyl group

          c1 = 33 = 2(NH2) = two a-amino group, one for Bovine Oxytocin and other for Bovine Vasopressin,  

The peptide contain only one free a-amino group and one free a-carboxyl group at their ends, theses groups ionize as they do in simple amino acids, all the other a-amino and a-carboxyl groups are jointed in peptide bonds, which cannot ionize, and the R groups of the various amino acids, residues in peptides may be regarded as side chain projecting from the backbone of the chain, since the R groups of some amino acids can lose or gain protons, the acid-base behavior of a peptide can be predicted from its free a-amino and a-carboxyl groups at each end, and the nature and number of its ionizing R groups, peptide also have characteristic iso-electric pH at  which they do not move in an electrical field, Peptide of differing amino acids composition can be separated from each other, by Chromatography or electro-phoresis on the basis of the difference in their acids-base behavior, 

There are two important chemical reaction of peptides in one of these reaction, the peptides may be hydrolyzed by boiling with strong acids or base to yield their constituent amino acids in free form,