BIO ALGEBRA OF LIVING ORGANISMS

(Bio Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel) 

CHAPTER [3] PROTEINS  

Proteins  

Charge and Chemical Properties of Amino acids and Proteins, 

An understanding of protein requires knowledge of the ionizable side chain groups of the common amino acids, these ionizable groups common to proteins and amino acids, the acid form of the respective ionizable groups are on the left of the sum, while the respective properties base are on the right side, characteristic of the acid form is that nitrogen-containing groups are positively charged, whereas the acid forms that contain oxygen and sulfur atoms are natural, 

Separation of Amino acids and Protein Based on pI Value (8/27/2016) 

The techniques of electrophoresis isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography are some of the more important techniques for the study of biological molecules based on charge, 

In electrophoresis an ampholyte (protein, Peptide, Amino acid) in a solution buffered at a particular pH is placed in an electric  field, depending on the relationship of the buffer pH to the pI of the molecule, the molecule will either move toward the (-) or the anode (+), or remain stationary (pH = pI) 

An example of classical apparatus for protein electrophoresis is apparatus consist of a U-tube in which is placed a protein solution, followed by a buffer solution carefully layered over the protein solution, the migration of the protein is observed with an optical device that measures changes in the refractive index of the solution as the protein migrates toward the anode, 

This apparatus historically led to the separation and operational classification of protein in human plasma, 

For the plasma protein separation, the solution is buffered at pH 8.6, which is at a pH substantially above the pI of the important plasma protein, the proteins are negatively charged and move toward the positive      

1 = buffered = pH 8.6

2 = Plasma Albumin = 96000 molecular weight 

  = a2 / b2 = c2 

  = a2 (Plasma Albumin) / b2 (buffered pH) = c2 

  = a2 (96000) / b2 (8.6) = c2 

  = a / b = (9216000000) / b (73.96) = c2 

  = a / b = 124607896.16 = c2 

  = a / b = 124607896.16 / 11162.79 = 11162.79

  = a / b = 11162.79 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 4465.116

  = a / b = 4465.116 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 1190.6976 

  = a / b = 1190.6976 / 2.0353 {(-) (+)} = 585.02

  = a / b = 585 amino acids of Human Plasma Albumin 

The molecule will either move toward the (-) or the anode (+), or remain stationary (pH = pI), so Separation of Amino acids and Protein Based on pI Value 

CHROMOSOMES WITH BIO-CHEMISTRY 

1 = chromosomes = 46.25

2 = Plasma Albumin = 96000 molecular weight 

  = a2 / b2 = c2 

  = a2 (Plasma Albumin) / b2 (chromosomes) = c2 

  = a2 (96000) / b2 (46.25) = c2 

  = a / b = (9216000000) / b (2139.0625) = c2 

  = a / b = 4308429.51 = c2 

  = a / b = 4308429.51 / 2075.67 = 2075.68

  = a / b = 2075.68 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 830.272

  = a / b = 830.272 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 221.40 

  = a / b = 221.40 * 2.6422 {(-) (+)} = 584.98

  = a / b = 585 amino acids of Human Plasma Albumin   

The molecule will either move toward the (-) or the anode (+), or remain stationary (pH = pI), so Separation of Amino acids and Protein Based on pI Value, 

(8/31/2016)

Electric pole: The peaks in order of their rate of migration, related to the order of their pI values, are the albumin the a1, a2-, and b-globulins, fibrinogen, and the y1-, y2-globulins, these peaks represent tens of hundred of individually different plasma proteins that have a similar migration rate to the anode at pH 8.6, their rate of migration under these proteins that is widely used for purpose of their identification and classification, 

FOR EXAMPLE GLYCOPROTEIN’S 

N-linked 

1 = N-Acetylglucosamine = NHCOCH3 = 59 

2 = Asparagine = C4H8N2O3 = 134 

  = a2 + b2 = c2 

  = a2 (Asparagine) + b2 (N-Acetylglucosamine) = c2 

  = a2 (134) + b2 (59) = c2 

  = a + b = (17956) + b (3481) = c2 

  = a + b = 21437 = c2 

  = a + b = 21437 / 146.41 = 146.41

  = a + b = 146.41 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 58.564

  = a + b = 58.564 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.61

  = a + b = 15.61 / 1.8151 {(-) (+)} = 8.6

  = a + b = 8.6 pH migration rate to the anode 

CHROMOSOMES WITH BIO-CHEMISTRY 

1 = chromosomes = 46.25

2 = N-Acetylglucosamine = NHCOCH3 = 59 

  = a2 + b2 = c2 

  = a2 (N-Acetylglucosamine) + b2 (chromosomes) = c2 

  = a2 (59) + b2 (46.25) = c2 

  = a + b = (3481) + b (2139.0625) = c2 

  = a + b = 5620.0625 = c2 

  = a + b = 5620.0625 / 74.96 = 74.97

  = a + b = 74.97 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 29.988

  = a + b = 29.988 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 7.9968

  = a + b = 7.9968 * 1.0754 {(-) (+)} = 8.59

  = a + b = 8.6 pH migration rate to the anode, 

Classical (Tiselius) electrophoresis pattern for plasma proteins at pH 8.6, The different important proteins are designated underneath the peaks, The direction of the migration is from right to left with the anode (+) at left,