(Bio Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel)
CHAPTER [3] PROTEINS
Proteins
TECHNIQUES UTILIZED TO DETERMINE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
Knowledge of the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of a protein is required for an understanding of the relationship of a protein’s structure to its function on a molecular level,
In the determination of primary structure, first the number of polypeptide chain in the protein must be ascertained, to begin with the protein is denatured, and the treated with a reagent, such as Insulin, that forms a covalent bond with the NH2-termina a-amino groups of each polypeptide chain within the protein the tagged protein is then hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids, typically condition for complete protein hydrolysis are 6 N HCl at 110 centigrade for 195 to 36 hours, in a sealed tube under vacuum, the vacuum prevents degradation of oxidation sensitive,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/1/96)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = phosphate = 95 mole = PO4
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (phosphate) / b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (95) / b2 (110) = c2
= a / b = (9025) / b (12100) = c2
= a / b = 0.745 = c2
= a / b = 0.745 =
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = phosphate = 95 mole = PO4
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (phosphate) + b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (95) + b2 (110) = c2
= a + b = (9025) + b (12100) = c2
= a + b = 21125 = c2
= a + b = 21125 / 145.34 = 145.34
= a + b = 145.34 - 126.11 g mol−1 Thymine = 19.23
= a + b = 19.23 + 1.25 H = 19.75
= a + b = 19.75 = (H2O + H1) of cell
= a + b = 110.89 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 58.136
= a + b = 58.136 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.50
= a + b = 15.50 + 7.5 (pH of salted water) = 23
= a + b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has first base of Thymine with water of cell with 110 centigrade temperature,
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = phosphate of Hormone = 95 mole = PO4
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (phosphate) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (95) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (9025) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 11164.0625 = c2
= a + b = 11164.0625 / 105.57 = 105.57
= a + b = 105.57 + 20.36 (H2O + H) = 126.11 g mol−1 Thymine
= a + b = 105.57 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 42.228
= a / b = 42.228 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 11.2608
= a / b = 11.2608 + 11.7392 (Carbon chain of deoxyribose) = 23
= a / b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has first base of Thymine with water of cell and Carbon chain of deoxyribose,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/2/96)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol−1 = C5H6N2O2
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) / b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (126.11) / b2 (110) = c2
= a / b = (15903.7321) / b (12100) = c2
= a / b = 1.314 = c2
= a / b = 1.314 = H1
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol−1 = C5H6N2O2
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) + b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (126.11) + b2 (110) = c2
= a + b = (15903.7321) + b (12100) = c2
= a + b = 28003.7321 = c2
= a + b = 28003.7321 / 167.34 = 167.34
= a + b = 167.34 - 135.13 g/mol Adenine C5H5N5 = 32.21
= a + b = 32.21 + 0.29 = 32.5
= a + b = 32.5 = (H2O + N1) acidic water of cell
= a + b = 167.34 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 66.936
= a + b = 66.936 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 17.8496
= a + b = 17.8496 = OH
= a + b = 17.8496 + 5.1504 (H5)= 23
= a + b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has first base of Thymine jointed with Adenine from water of cell with 110 centigrade temperature for protein hydrolysis,
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol−1 = C5H6N2O2
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (126.11) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (15903.7321) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 18042.7946 = c2
= a + b = 18042.7946 / 134.32 = 134.32
= a + b = 134.32 + 0.81 (H) = 135.13 g/mol Adenine C5H5N5
= a + b = 134.32 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 53.728
= a / b = 53.728 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 14.327
= a / b = 14.327 + 8.673 H (Hydrogen chain of deoxyribose) = 23
= a / b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has first base of Thymine jointed with Adenine from water of cell with 110 centigrade temperature,for protein hydrolysis,
PO4—CH2OH + C5H6N2O2 = T Thymine
C5H6N2O2 + C5H5N5 = A Adenine
C5H6N2O2 + C5H5N5 = A .. T Or A//T
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/3/96)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 g/mol = C5H5N5
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) / b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (135.13) / b2 (110) = c2
= a / b = (18260.1169) / b (12100) = c2
= a / b = 1.50 = c2
= a / b = 1.50 = H1
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 g/mol = C5H5N5
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) + b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (135.13) + b2 (110) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + b (12100) = c2
= a + b = 30360.1169 = c2
= a + b = 30360.1169 / 174.24 = 174.24
= a + b = 174.24 - 111.1 g/mol Cytosine C4H5N3O = 63.14
= a + b = 63.14 + 0.36 = 63.5 as 2(CH2OH)
= a + b = 63.5 + 31.5 (P1) = 95
= a + b = 95 = PO4 = first phosphate of second helix
= a + b = 174.24 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 69.696
= a + b = 69.696 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 18.5856
= a + b = 18.5856 = H2O
= a + b = 18.5856 + 4.4144 (H4) = 23
= a + b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has first base of second helix is Cytosine jointed with Guanine from water of cell with 110 centigrade temperature for protein hydrolysis,
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 g/mol = C5H5N5
2 = Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (135.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 / 142.82 = 142.83
= a + b = 142.83 - 31.73 (P1) = 111.1 g/mol Cytosine C4H5N3O
= a + b = 142.83 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 57.132
= a / b = 57.132 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.2352
= a / b = 15.2352 + 7.7648 H (Hydrogen chain of deoxyribose) = 23
= a / b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has first base of second helix is Cytosine jointed with Guanine from water of cell with 110 centigrade temperature for protein hydrolysis,
PO4—CH2OH + C4H5N3O = C… or C/// Cytosine
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/4/96)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Cytosine = 111.1 g/mol = C4H5N3O
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (Cytosine) / b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (111.1) / b2 (110) = c2
= a / b = (12343.21) / b (12100) = c2
= a / b = 1.02 = c2
= a / b = 1.02 = H1
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Cytosine = 111.1 g/mol = C4H5N3O
2 = Centigrade = 110
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Cytosine) + b2 (centigrade) = c2
= a2 (111.1) + b2 (110) = c2
= a + b = (12343.21) + b (12100) = c2
= a + b = 24443.21 = c2
= a + b = 24443.21 / 156.34 = 156.34
= a + b = 156.34 - 151.13 g/mol Guanine C5H5N5O = 5.21
= a + b = 5.21 - 0.21 = 5 hydrogen atoms of DNA helix
= a + b = 5 = five hydrogen atoms of DNA helix
= a + b = 156.34 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 62.536
= a + b = 62.536 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 16.676
= a + b = 16.676 + 0.574 = 17.25
= a + b = 17.25 = OH
= a + b = 17.25 + 5.75 (H5) = 23
= a + b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has last base of second helix is Guanine jointed with last phosphate of helix with alcohol of cell with 110 centigrade temperature for protein hydrolysis,
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Cytosine = 111.1 g/mol = C4H5N3O
2 = Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Cytosine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (111.1) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (12343.21) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 14482.2725 = c2
= a + b = 14482.2725 / 120.34 = 120.34
= a + b = 120.34 + 30.79 (P1) = 151.13 g/mol Guanine C5H5N5O
= a + b = 120.34 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 48.136
= a / b = 48.136 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 12.836
= a / b = 12.836 + 10.164 H (Hydrogen chain of deoxyribose) = 23
= a / b = 23 = pair of Chromosomes So DNA Structure has last base of second helix is Guanine jointed with last phosphate of helix with alcohol of cell with 110 centigrade temperature for protein hydrolysis,
PO4—CH2OH + C4H5N3O = C… or C/// Cytosine
Cytosine C4H5N3O + C5H5N5O Guanine = C…G or C///G
Thymine C5H6N2O2 + C5H5N5 Adenine = A .. T Or A//T
Total two helix = (A//T=C///G)
Total two helix = (A..T=C…G)
Here we are using oblique or / for DNA base, the oblique often use for address of home, such as 5/4, here block number is 5 and house number is 4, always remember that your DNA is your permanint address, I can find to you easily from your DNA address,
DNA forms a double helix in which the nucleotide bases are attached to deoxyribose units linked through phosphate groups. The bases in the center of the DNA helix always occur in complementary matched pairs, with cytosine linking to guanine and thymine linking to adenine through hydrogen bonding (shown as dotted lines).
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