(Bio Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel)
CHAPTER [3] PROTEINS
Proteins
TECHNIQUES UTILIZED TO DETERMINE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
Knowledge of the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of a protein is required for an understanding of the relationship of a protein’s structure to its function on a molecular level,
In the determination of primary structure, first the number of polypeptide chain in the protein must be ascertained, to begin with the protein is denatured, and the treated with a reagent, such as Insulin, that forms a covalent bond with the NH2-termina a-amino groups of each polypeptide chain within the protein the tagged protein is then hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids, typically condition for complete protein hydrolysis are 6 N HCl at 110 centigrade for 195 to 36 hours, in a sealed tube under vacuum, the vacuum prevents degradation of oxidation sensitive,
Since most polypeptide chain in proteins contain more then 30 to 40 amino acids, they have to be hydrolysed into smaller fragments and sequenced in section,
Both enzymatic and chemical methods are used to break polypeptide chain into smaller polypeptide fragments, for example we are making polypeptide from smaller 20 basic amino acids, or we are going in large polypeptide from small polypeptide,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/16/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
For example we are making polypeptide from smaller 20 basic amino acids, or we are going in large polypeptide from small polypeptide,
1 = Palmitoleic acid = 261.5 = CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
2 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 m/g
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) / b2 (Palmitoleic acid) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) / b2 (261.5) = c2
= a / b = (7752048.0625) / b (68382.25) = c2
= a / b = 113.36 = c2
= a / b = 113.36 - 1.2732 H = 112.0868
= a / b = 112.0868 = C4H4N2O2 Uracil
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Palmitoleic acid = 261.5
2 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 m/g
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) / b2 (Palmitoleic acid) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) / b2 (261.5) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + b (68382.25) = c2
= a + b = 7820430.3125 = c2
= a + b = 7820430.3125 / 2796.50 = 2796.50
= a + b = 2796.50 = polypeptide
= a + b = 2796.50 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 2661.37
= a + b = 2661.37 / 40 amino acid of polypeptide = 66.53425
= a + b = 66.53 - 3.03 H3 = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose = CH2OH
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 2796.50 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1118.6
= a + b = 1118.6 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 298.29
= a + b = 298.29 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 40.30
= a + b = 40.30 + 4.95 H4 = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid
Fructose + carboxylic acid = A..
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 mole
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 / 2784.63 = 2784.63
= a + b = 2784.63 = polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 261.59.5
= a + b = 261.59.5 / 40 amino acids of polypeptide = 66.2375
= a + b = 66.23 - 2.73 H2 = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose = CH2OH
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1113.852
= a / b = 1113.852 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 297.0272
= a / b = 297.0272 / 8.7 (pH of blood plasma) = 40.13
= a + b = 40.13 + 5.12 H4 = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid = A..
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/16/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Palmitoleic acid = 261.5
2 = Adenine = 135.13 g mol
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) / b2 (Palmitoleic acid) = c2
= a2 (135.13) / b2 (261.5) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + b (68382.25) = c2
= a + b = 86642.3669 = c2
= a + b = 86642.3669 / 294.35 = 294.35
= a + b = 294.35 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 168.24
= a + b = 168.24 + 14 nitrogen of acid = 182.24
= a + b = 183 = glucose = C6H12O6
= a + b = 183 = glucose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 294.35 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 117.74
= a + b = 117.74 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 31.39
= a + b = 31.39 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 4.24
= a + b = 5 = optimum pH of stomach
Fructose + carboxylic acid = A..T
Fructose + carboxylic acid = A//T
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (135.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 / 142.82 = 142.83
= a + b = 142.83 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 16.72
= a + b = 16.72 + 0.53 = 17.25
= a + b = 17.25 = alcohol of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 142.83 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 57.132
= a / b = 57.132 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.2352
= a / b = 15.2352 / 1.269 (pH of pepsin) = 12.00
= a + b = 12.00 = one Carbon atom of Palmitoleic acid from in 18 carbon atoms
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid = A..T
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid = A//T
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/16/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Palmitoleic acid = 261.5
2 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) / b2 (Palmitoleic acid) = c2
= a2 (126.11) / b2 (261.5) = c2
= a + b = (15903.7321) + b (68382.25) = c2
= a + b = 84285.9821 = c2
= a + b = 84285.9821 / 290.32 = 290.32
= a + b = 290.32 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 179.22
= a + b = 179.22 - 151.13 g mol Guanine = 28.09
= a + b = 28.09 = N2 = nitrogen
= a + b = 28.09 = nitrogen = (N2)
= a + b = 28.09 = nitrogen of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 290.32 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 116.128
= a + b = 116.128 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 30.96
= a + b = 30.96 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 4.18
= a + b = 5 = optimum pH of stomach
Nitrogen of pancreatic beta cells = A..T = C...G
Nitrogen of pancreatic beta cells = A//T = C///G
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Guanine = 151.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Guanine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (151.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (22840.2769) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 / 158.04 = 158.05
= a + b = 158.05 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 46.95
= a + b = 46.95 - 1.7 H = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH
= a + b = 45.25 = carboxyl acid of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 158.05 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 63.22
= a / b = 63.22 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 16.85
= a / b = 16.85 / 1.20 (pH of pepsin) = 14.04
= a + b = 14.04 = nitrogen atom of acids
Nitrogen + carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid = A..T = C...G
Nitrogen + carboxylic acid of Palmitoleic acid = A//T = C///G
The DNA structure takes less time to joint with each another in presence of fatty acids, or it is just a effect of fatty acids on the mRNA for make proteins of fat people,
SKIN CARE
Palmitoleic acid, or (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH that is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. It is present in all tissues but, in general, found in higher concentrations in the liver. It is biosynthesized from palmitic acid by the action of the enzyme delta-9 desaturase. A beneficial fatty acid, it has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity by suppressing inflammation, as well as inhibit the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells,
Omega-7 fatty acid also known as palmitoleic acid plays an important role in the maintenance of healthy skin care. Eating foods rich in omega-7s may have an antiaging effect on your skin.
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