(Bio Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel)
CHAPTER [3] PROTEINS
Proteins
TECHNIQUES UTILIZED TO DETERMINE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
Knowledge of the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of a protein is required for an understanding of the relationship of a protein’s structure to its function on a molecular level,
In the determination of primary structure, first the number of polypeptide chain in the protein must be ascertained, to begin with the protein is denatured, and the treated with a reagent, such as Insulin, that forms a covalent bond with the NH2-termina a-amino groups of each polypeptide chain within the protein the tagged protein is then hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids, typically condition for complete protein hydrolysis are 6 N HCl at 110 centigrade for 195 to 36 hours, in a sealed tube under vacuum, the vacuum prevents degradation of oxidation sensitive,
Since most polypeptide chain in proteins contain more then 30 to 40 amino acids, they have to be hydrolysed into smaller fragments and sequenced in section,
Both enzymatic and chemical methods are used to break polypeptide chain into smaller polypeptide fragments, for example we are making polypeptide from smaller 20 basic amino acids, or we are going in large polypeptide from small polypeptide,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/19/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
For example we are making polypeptide from smaller 20 basic amino acids, or we are going in large polypeptide from small polypeptide,
1 = Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = 44324.5 = C2001H3130N514O601S10
2 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 m/g
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (Alpha-1 Antitrypsin) / b2 (20 basic amino acids) = c2
= a2 (44324.5) / b2 (2784.25) = c2
= a / b = (1964661300.25) / b (7752048.0625) = c2
= a / b = 253.43 = c2
= a / b = 253.43 = (C5H6N2O2)2 + H1 = Thymine
Two Thymine = 126.11 + 126.11 = 252.22
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = 44324.5
2 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 m/g
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) / b2 (Alpha-1 Antitrypsin) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) / b2 (44324.5) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + b (1964661300.25) = c2
= a + b = 1972413348.3125 = c2
= a + b = 1972413348.3125 / 44411.86 = 44411.86
= a + b = 44411.86 = polypeptide
= a + b = 44411.86 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 44276.73
= a + b = 44276.73 / 40 amino acid of polypeptide = 1106.91825
= a + b = 1106.91825 / 17.431 (OH) = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose = (CH2OH)2
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 44411.86 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 17764.744
= a + b = 17764.744 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 4737.26
= a + b = 4737.26 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 640.17
= a + b = 640.17 + 6.67 H5 = 633.5
= a + b = 633.5 = (COOH)14 carboxylic acid of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin
Fructose + fourteen carboxylic acid = A..
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 mole
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 / 2784.63 = 2784.63
= a + b = 2784.63 = polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 44324.59.5
= a + b = 44324.59.5 / 40 amino acids of polypeptide = 66.2375
= a + b = 66.23 - 2.73 H2 = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose = CH2OH
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1113.852
= a / b = 1113.852 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 297.0272
= a / b = 297.0272 / 8.7 (pH of blood plasma) = 40.13
= a + b = 40.13 + 5.12 H4 = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH carboxylic acid of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = A..
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/19/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = 44324.5
2 = Adenine = 135.13 g mol
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) / b2 (Alpha-1 Antitrypsin) = c2
= a2 (135.13) / b2 (44324.5) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + b (1964661300.25) = c2
= a + b = 1964679560.3669 = c2
= a + b = 1964679560.3669 / 44324.70 = 44324.71
= a + b = 44324.71 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 44198.6
= a + b = 44198.6 + 87.4 NaO4 = 44286
= a + b = 44286 = glucose = (C6H12O6) 242
= a + b = 44286 = 242 glucose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 44324.71 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 17729.884
= a + b = 17729.884 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 4727.96
= a + b = 4727.96 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 638.91
= a + b = 638.91 / 37 temperatrure of body = 17.26
= a + b = 17.25 = OH
Glucose + Alcohol + carboxylic acid = A..T
Glucose + Alcohol + carboxylic acid = A//T
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (135.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 / 142.82 = 142.83
= a + b = 142.83 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 16.72
= a + b = 16.72 + 0.53 = 17.25
= a + b = 17.25 = alcohol of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 142.83 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 57.132
= a / b = 57.132 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.2352
= a / b = 15.2352 / 1.269 (pH of pepsin) = 12.00
= a + b = 12.00 = one Carbon atom of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin from in 18 carbon atoms
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = A..T
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = A//T
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/19/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Alpha-1 Antitrypsin = 44324.5
2 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) / b2 (Alpha-1 Antitrypsin) = c2
= a2 (126.11) / b2 (44324.5) = c2
= a + b = (15903.7321) + b (1964661300.25) = c2
= a + b = 1964677203.9821 = c2
= a + b = 1964677203.9821 / 44324.67 = 44324.68
= a + b = 44324.68 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 44213.58
= a + b = 44213.58 - 151.13 g mol Guanine = 44062.45
= a + b = 44062.45 / 17.25 OH = 2554.34
= a + b = 2554.34 / 55.5 (H2O)3 = 46.02
= a + b = 46.02 = COOH + H0.9 = carboxyl acid + hydrogen
= a + b = 46.02 = carboxyl acid + hydrogen = COOH + H2O + H3
= a + b = 46.02 = carboxyl acid + hydrogen of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 44324.68 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 17729.872
= a + b = 17729.872 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 4727.96
= a + b = 4727.96 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 638.91
= a + b = 638.91 / 37 temperature of body = 17.26
= a + b = 17.25 = OH
Alcohol + carboxyl acid + hydrogen + water = A..T = C...G
Alcohol + carboxyl acid + hydrogen + water = A//T = C///G
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Guanine = 151.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Guanine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (151.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (22840.2769) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 / 158.04 = 158.05
= a + b = 158.05 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 46.95
= a + b = 46.95 - 1.7 H = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH
= a + b = 45.25 = carboxyl acid of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 158.05 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 63.22
= a / b = 63.22 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 16.85
= a / b = 16.85 / 1.20 (pH of pepsin) = 14.04
= a + b = 14.04 = nitrogen atom of acids
Chromosomes + carboxyl acid + hydrogen = A..T = C...G
Chromosomes + carboxyl acid + hydrogen = A//T = C///G
The DNA structure takes less time to joint with each another in presence of fatty acids, or it is just a effect of fatty acids on the mRNA for make proteins of fat people,
Main article:
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Disorders of this protein include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, an autosomal codominant hereditary disorder in which a deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin leads to a chronic uninhibited tissue breakdown. This causes the degradation especially of lung tissue, and eventually leads to characteristic manifestations of pulmonary emphysema, Evidence has shown that cigarette smoke can lead to oxidation of methionine 358 of α1-antitrypsin (382 in the pre-processed form containing the 24 amino acid signal peptide), a residue essential for binding elastase; this is thought to be one of the primary mechanisms by which cigarette smoking (or second-hand smoke) can lead to emphysema. Because A1AT is expressed in the liver, certain mutations in the gene encoding the protein can cause misfolding and impaired secretion, which can lead to liver cirrhosis.
An extremely rare form of Pi, termed PiPittsburgh, functions as an antithrombin (a related serpin), due to a mutation (Met358Arg). One person with this mutation has been reported to have died of a lethal bleeding diathesis.
Liver biopsy will show abundant PAS-positive globules within periportal hepatocytes.
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