(Bio Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel)
CHAPTER [3] PROTEINS
Proteins
TECHNIQUES UTILIZED TO DETERMINE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
Knowledge of the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of a protein is required for an understanding of the relationship of a protein’s structure to its function on a molecular level,
In the determination of primary structure, first the number of polypeptide chain in the protein must be ascertained, to begin with the protein is denatured, and the treated with a reagent, such as Luteinizing Hormone, that forms a covalent bond with the NH2-termina a-amino groups of each polypeptide chain within the protein the tagged protein is then hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids, typically condition for complete protein hydrolysis are 6 N HCl at 110 centigrade for 195 to 36 hours, in a sealed tube under vacuum, the vacuum prevents degradation of oxidation sensitive,
Since most polypeptide chain in proteins contain more then 30 to 40 amino acids, they have to be hydrolysed into smaller fragments and sequenced in section,
Both enzymatic and chemical methods are used to break polypeptide chain into smaller polypeptide fragments, for example we are making polypeptide from smaller 20 basic amino acids, or we are going in large polypeptide from small polypeptide,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/26/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
For example we are making polypeptide from smaller 20 basic amino acids, or we are going in large polypeptide from small polypeptide,
1 = Luteinizing Hormone = 5698 %
2 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 m/g
= a2 / b2 = c2
= a2 (Luteinizing Hormone) / b2 (20 basic amino acids) = c2
= a2 (5698) / b2 (2784.25) = c2
= a / b = (32467204) / b (7752048.0625) = c2
= a / b = 4.18 = c2
= a / b = 4.18 = H3
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Luteinizing Hormone = 5698 %
2 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 m/g
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) / b2 (Luteinizing Hormone) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) / b2 (5698 %) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + b (32467204) = c2
= a + b = 40219252.0625 = c2
= a + b = 40219252.0625 / 6341.86 = 6341.87
= a + b = 6341.87 = polypeptide
= a + b = 6341.87 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 6477
= a + b = 6477 / 204 amino acid of Luteinizing Hormone = 31.75
= a + b = 31.75 = (CH2OH)1 Fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 6341.87 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 2536.748
= a + b = 2536.748 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 676.46
= a + b = 676.46 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 91.41
= a + b = 91.41 - 0.91 () = 90.5
= a + b = 90.5 = (COOH)2 carboxylic acid of Luteinizing Hormone
one Fructose + two carboxylic acid = A..
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 mole
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 / 2784.63 = 2784.63
= a + b = 2784.63 = polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 254 mole9.5
= a + b = 254 mole9.5 / 40 amino acids of polypeptide = 66.2375
= a + b = 66.23 - 2.73 H2 = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose = CH2OH
= a + b = 63.5 = two fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1113.852
= a / b = 1113.852 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 297.0272
= a / b = 297.0272 / 8.7 (pH of blood plasma) = 40.13
= a + b = 40.13 + 5.12 H4 = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH carboxylic acid of Luteinizing Hormone
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Luteinizing Hormone = A..
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/26/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Luteinizing Hormone = 5698
2 = Adenine = 135.13 g mol
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) / b2 (Luteinizing Hormone) = c2
= a2 (135.13) / b2 (5698 %) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (32467204) = c2
= a + b = 32485464.1169 = c2
= a + b = 32485464.1169 / 5699.60 = 5699.60
= a + b = 5699.60 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 5573.49
= a + b = 5573.49 / 30.456 (NO + 0.456) = 183.00
= a + b = 183 = C6H12O6 = glucose water and hydrogen of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 5699.60 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 2279.84
= a + b = 2279.84 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 607.95
= a + b = 607.95 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 82.15
= a + b = 82.15 + 8.35 H7 = 90.5
= a + b = 90.5 = (COOH) 2 carboxylic acid
Hydrogen + Glucose + carboxylic acid = A..T
Hydrogen + Glucose + carboxylic acid = A//T
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (135.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 / 142.82 = 142.83
= a + b = 142.83 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 16.72
= a + b = 16.72 + 0.53 = 17.25
= a + b = 17.25 = alcohol of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 142.83 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 57.132
= a / b = 57.132 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.2352
= a / b = 15.2352 / 1.269 (pH of pepsin) = 12.00
= a + b = 12.00 = one Carbon atom of Luteinizing Hormone from in 18 carbon atoms
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Luteinizing Hormone = A..T
Fructose + carboxylic acid of Luteinizing Hormone = A//T
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA (11/26/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Luteinizing Hormone = 5698
2 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) / b2 (Luteinizing Hormone) = c2
= a2 (126.11) / b2 (5698 %) = c2
= a + b = (15903.7321) + b (32467204) = c2
= a + b = 32483107.7321 = c2
= a + b = 32483107.7321 / 5699.39 = 5699.40
= a + b = 5699.40 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 5588.3
= a + b = 5588.3 - 151.13 g mol Guanine = 5437.17
= a + b = 5437.17 / 29.711 (NO) = 183.00
= a + b = 183 = (C6H12O6) glucose of peptided
= a + b = 5699.40 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 2279.76
= a + b = 2279.76 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 607.936
= a + b = 607.936 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 82.15
= a + b = 82.15 + 8.35 H7 = 90.5
= a + b = 90.5 = (COOH)2 carboxyl acid
carboxyl acid + glucose = A..T = C...G
carboxyl acid + glucose = A//T = C///G
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Guanine = 151.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Guanine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (151.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (22840.2769) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 / 158.04 = 158.05
= a + b = 158.05 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 46.95
= a + b = 46.95 - 1.7 H = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH
= a + b = 45.25 = carboxyl acid of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 158.05 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 63.22
= a / b = 63.22 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 16.85
= a / b = 16.85 / 1.20 (pH of pepsin) = 14.04
= a + b = 14.04 = nitrogen atom of acids
Chromosomes + carboxyl acid + hydrogen = A..T = C...G
Chromosomes + carboxyl acid + hydrogen = A//T = C///G
The DNA structure takes less time to joint with each another in presence of fatty acids, or it is just a effect of fatty acids on the mRNA for make proteins of fat people,
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Ovary/Testis
Females: promotes ovulation of the egg and stimulates oestrogen and progesterone production Males: promotes testosterone release from the testis,
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