(Bio Mathematical Lab of Sikander Aqeel)
CHAPTER [3] PROTEINS
Proteins
THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF INSULIN
A study of the primary structure of the protein hormone insulin elucidates chemical events that occur in the biosynthesis of insulin from precursor forms in the pancreatic islet cells, Insulin is initially produced in a form known as preproinsulin, which is converted to an intermediate size protein proinsulin, in the endoplasmic reticulum by an enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the NH3-terminal 23 amino acids in the preproinsulin,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF INSULIN (12/11/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
Preproinsulin by C - Peptide
AB - chain end of A chain and beginning of B chain
Threonine = 121.25 m/g
Lysine = 149.5 m/g
Proline = 117.25 m/g
Threonine = 121.25 m/g
Tyrosine = 183.75 m/g
Phenylalanine = 167.75 m/g
Phenylalanine = 167.75 m/g
Glycine = 76.25 m/g
Arginine = 177.5 m/g
Glutamate = 149.25 m/g
Glycine = 76.25 m/g
Cysteine = 122.75 ----S----S -----Cysteine
Valine = 119.75 m/g
Leucine = 134.25 m/g
Tyrosine = 183.75 m/g
Leucine = 134.25 m/g
Alanine = 90.75 m/g
Glutamate = 149.25 m/g
Valine = 119.75 m/g
Leucine = 134.25 m/g
Histidine = 157.25 m/g
Serine = 106.75 m/g
Glycine = 76.25 m/g
Cysteine = 122.75 ----S----S -----Cysteine
Leucine = 134.25 m/g
Histidine = 157.25 m/g
Glutamine = 148.5 m/g
Asparagine = 134 m/g
Valine = 119.75 m/g
Phenylalanine = 167.75 m/g
Total = 3899.75 amino acids of second step A chain
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Pancreas = Insulin = 51 amino acids
2 = A chain end B chain start = 3899.75 m/g
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (A chain end B chain start) / b2 (Insulin) = c2
= a2 (3899.75) / b2 (51) = c2
= a + b = (15208050.0625) + b (2601) = c2
= a + b = 15210651.0625 = c2
= a + b = 15210651.0625 / 3900.08 = 3900.08
Four sulfur = S4
= a + b = 3900.08 / 64 (S2) = 60.93
= a + b = 60.93 + 3.07 (H3) = 64
= a + b = 64 = (S2)
= a + b = 3900.08 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 3764.95
= a + b = 3764.95 / 51 amino acid of Insulin = 73.82
= a + b = 73.82 - 10.32 (H8) = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = (CH2OH)1 Fructose + hydrogen of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 3900.08 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1560.032
= a + b = 1560.032 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 416.00
= a + b = 416.00 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 56.21
= a + b = 56.21 - 5.54 (H4) = 61.75
= a + b = 61.75 = beginning from COOH, end at NH2 of insulin chain
Fructose + carboxylic acid + Amide ion = A..
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = 20 basic amino acids = 2784.25 mole
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (20 basic amino acids) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (2784.25) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (7752048.0625) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 = c2
= a + b = 7754187.125 / 2784.63 = 2784.63
= a + b = 2784.63 = polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 - 135.13 g mol Adenine = 254 mole9.5
= a + b = 254 mole9.5 / 40 amino acids of polypeptide = 66.2375
= a + b = 66.23 - 2.73 H2 = 63.5
= a + b = 63.5 = fructose = CH2OH
= a + b = 63.5 = two fructose of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 2784.63 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1113.852
= a / b = 1113.852 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 297.0272
= a / b = 297.0272 / 8.7 (pH of blood plasma) = 40.13
= a + b = 40.13 + 5.12 H4 = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH carboxylic acid of insulin
Fructose + carboxylic acid of insulin = A..
PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF INSULIN (12/14/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 m/g
2 = A chain end B chain start = 3899.75 m/g
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) / b2 (A chain end B chain start) = c2
= a2 (135.13) / b2 (3899.75 %) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (15208050.0625) = c2
= a + b = 15226310.1794 = c2
= a + b = 15226310.1794 / 3902.09 = 3902.09
= a + b = 3902.09 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 3775.98
= a + b = 3775.98 / 20.633 (H2O + H2 = 21) = 183.00
= a + b = 183 = C6H12O6 = glucose + oxygen of smaller polypeptide
= a + b = 3902.09 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1560.836
= a + b = 1560.836 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 416.22
= a + b = 416.22 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 56.24
= a + b = 56.24 - 5.51 (H4) = 61.75
= a + b = 61.75 = beginning from COOH, end at NH2, Amide ion + carboxylic acid
Glucose + carboxylic acid + Amide ion = A..T
Glucose + carboxylic acid + Amide ion = A//T
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Adenine = 135.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Adenine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (135.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (18260.1169) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 = c2
= a + b = 20399.1794 / 142.82 = 142.83
= a + b = 142.83 - 126.11 g mol Thymine = 16.72
= a + b = 16.72 + 0.53 = 17.25
= a + b = 17.25 = alcohol of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 142.83 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 57.132
= a / b = 57.132 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 15.2352
= a / b = 15.2352 / 1.269 (pH of pepsin) = 12.00
= a + b = 12.00 = one Carbon atom
Fructose + carboxylic acid of primary structure of insulin = A..T
Fructose + carboxylic acid of primary structure of insulin = A//T
PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF INSULIN (12/15/2016)
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Thymine = 126.11 g mol
2 = A chain end B chain start = 3899.75 m/g
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Thymine) / b2 (A chain end B chain start) = c2
= a2 (126.11) / b2 (3899.75) = c2
= a + b = (15903.7321) + b (15208050.0625) = c2
= a + b = 15223953.7946 = c2
= a + b = 15223953.7946 / 3901.78 = 3901.79
= a + b = 3901.79 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 3790.69
= a + b = 3790.69 - 151.13 g mol Guanine = 3639.56
= a + b = 3639.56 / 19.888 (H2 + NH3-terminal) = 183.00
= a + b = 183 = (C6H12O6) glucose of peptided
= a + b = 3901.79 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 1560.716
= a + b = 1560.716 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 416.19
= a + b = 416.19 / 7.4 (pH of blood plasma) = 56.24
= a + b = 56.24 + 5.51 (H4) = 61.75
= a + b = 61.75 = beginning of (COOH) and end of (NH2) Amide ion + carboxyl acid
carboxyl acid + glucose = A..T = C...G
carboxyl acid + glucose = A//T = C///G
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
DNA STRUCTURE
1 = Guanine = 151.13 m/g
2 = Human Chromosomes = 46.25
= a2 + b2 = c2
= a2 (Guanine) + b2 (Chromosomes) = c2
= a2 (151.13) + b2 (46.25) = c2
= a + b = (22840.2769) + (2139.0625) = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 = c2
= a + b = 24979.3394 / 158.04 = 158.05
= a + b = 158.05 - 111.1 g mol Cytosine = 46.95
= a + b = 46.95 - 1.7 H = 45.25
= a + b = 45.25 = COOH
= a + b = 45.25 = carboxyl acid of smaller polypeptide,
= a + b = 158.05 / 2.5 (H2= A//T DNA) = 63.22
= a / b = 63.22 / 3.75 (H3= C///G DNA) = 16.85
= a / b = 16.85 / 1.20 (pH of pepsin) = 14.04
= a + b = 14.04 = nitrogen atom of acids
Chromosomes + carboxyl acid + hydrogen = A..T = C...G
Chromosomes + carboxyl acid + hydrogen = A//T = C///G
The polypeptide NH2-terminal fragment is apparently necessary to facilitate membarne during its biosynthesis, the proinsulin molecule is then a substrate for a second enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of two intrachain peptide bonds in proinsulin, resulting in the cleavage of a 30 amino acids segment from within the polypeptide chain, the active insulin product of these proteolytic hydrolysis consists of two small polypeptide chain that are covalently held togather by cystine disulfide bonds,
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